Abstract:

This paper presents a comparative analysis of energy consumption and security performance in IoT systems using LoRa, BLE, and Wi-Fi technologies. Current measurements were performed with an INA219 module under both unsecured and secured (encrypted/authenticated) transmission conditions. Results indicate that BLE offers the lowest energy consumption with negligible security overhead, LoRa shows moderate consumption with a strong dependence on Spreading Factor (trade-off between range and power), while Wi-Fi demonstrates the highest power demand due to TLS and session handling. Security tests involving DoS, MITM, sniffing, and data interception confirmed that encryption and authentication significantly improved system resilience. The study highlights that optimizing radio parameters and employing deep sleep modes are crucial for achieving a balance between security and energy efficiency in IoT applications.