Abstract:

COVID-19 and war in Ukraine have forced businesses and enterprises to protect their workforce and to strengthen resilience to the negative effects of both a pandemic and an international armed conflict. In case of the pandemic, the government has financially supported business entities, however on the other hand has significantly forced companies to limit or even suspend business operations through, for example, forced quarantines or movement restrictions. The outcome of the pandemic was was, among other things, .:temporary ban on on conducting certain activities, or operating them under a new sanitary regime, disruptions in the continuity of production and the supply chain (f.e. whiplash effect in retail stores), temporary restrictions on the availability of workers for health and childcare reasons, a decline in demand for many goods and services. Entities in a variety of industries, particularly those in catering, tourism, transportation, sports, construction, hospitality and entertainment, have been facing a significant decline or even loss of revenue, and thus profits and liquidity, since the beginning of the pandemic, and the need to reduce wages and employment. As a result, a significant group of business operators incurred additional costs as a consequence of production downtime or providing employees with remote work.