Abstract:

Organizations operate in uncertain and dynamic environments. This dynamism consists of several factors, with different actors pursuing varying interests within and outside the organization. Most of these factors are uncontrollable triggers which can potentially disrupt systems flow. When these disruptions occur, planning is the most proffered solution to handle it. However, no matter how effective planning seems, there are still gaps - an inability to meet certain demands caused by distortions as they occur. Hence, organizations need other tools in addition to planning to efficiently manage these situations.