Abstract:

The article investigates the phenomenon of gender segregation in the Polish labour market through a cluster analysis of the sectoral structure of employment. Analysing statistical data from the Central Statistical Office of Poland (GUS), the authors identify five clusters of economic sectors based on the gender composition of employees: predominantly male, male, balanced, female, and predominantly female. The results show significant horizontal segregation, notably an excessive concentration of women in education, health care, and social services and men in industry, transport, and technical fields. The article combines empirical analysis with theoretical approaches to explaining gender inequality, particularly focusing on the influence of stereotypes, socialization, cultural norms, and employment policies. The proposed difference and Carmel–McLachlan indices allow us to quantitatively assess the level of segregation both between and within sectors. It is concluded that overcoming gender segregation requires comprehensive solutions in the fields of education, career guidance, labour market, and cultural policy, as well as further research to consider the dynamics of change and interregional differences.