The Reliability and Validity of Teaching and Learning PBL Framework Based on the Cartoon Concept for History

Nur Izzati MOHD SHAFRI, Mohd Nazir MD ZABIT, NurulAsyikin HASSAN, Mohamad Rohieszan RAMDAN, Tirzah Zubeidah ZACHARIAH and Muhamad Hakim Bin AZAMAN

Abstract:

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) framework for history education in Malaysian schools, integrating the Cartoon Concept and McMaster Model to enhance student engagement. Using a Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, 30 students participated in a three-phase process: needs analysis, framework design and development, and usability evaluation. Reliability and validity analyses confirmed the framework's effectiveness, with results showing increased student engagement and comprehension of history. These findings underscore the potential impact of the TnL-PBL Framework in advancing innovative teaching methodologies in Malaysian education.