Abstract:

This paper studies the relationship between trade and institutions in regions for the period 1980 to 2010 using the generalized method of moments estimation technique and other instrumental variable estimation technique such as two stage least square and two stage generalized least square in order to ensure validity of our  GMM estimates. The study finds that, consistent with past literature, institutions do have a significant effect on trade. Different measures that capture domestic and international institutions were used. It was found that domestic institutions had a more significant effect on trade than international institutions. Domestic institutions were also found to be more inward looking and protectionist in nature and were probably increasing average tariffs in order to protect domestic trade, while international institutions were probably more concerned about regional integration, tariff reduction and trade facilitation in general. Using different measures of economic policy, we find from our results that institutions that affect trade do not differ significantly from one another. The effectiveness of domestic institutions in promoting trade was examined through interacting domestic institutions with access to local and foreign markets (market access), market potential (market size) as well as regional average tariffs, the result was that domestic institutions increase cost of international trade through increasing tariffs but decrease transportation to markets and were not developing regional specific market potential, the results for international institutions were a reduction of all three factors i.e. tariffs, cost of transportation to market and market size.