Abstract:

The use of watermarks for protecting digital documents is well-established, but the application of watermarks to physical documents has received comparatively little attention. In this paper, we propose an invisible watermarking scheme for physical documents, which may be considered an effective solution for protecting physical documents from disclosure and allowing effective tracking of leakage. Overall, our findings suggest that watermarking physical documents can provide valuable security and traceability benefits, but that careful consideration must be given to the specific context and requirements of each application.